With two-thirds of the country lying within the Sahara Desert, it is one of the hottest countries in the world. [38], The National Sovereign Conference of 1991 marked a turning point in the post-independence history of Niger and brought about multi-party democracy. [48][49] The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, largely thanks to the effort of Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210–1259), and grew rich from its control of many Trans-Saharan trade routes; much of eastern and south-eastern Niger, notably Bilma and Kaouar, was under Kanem's control in this period. These Regions are subdivided into 36 departments. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. This makes it slightly less than twice the size of France, and the world's twenty-second largest country.[88]. [38], The situation in the north also deteriorated significantly in this period, resulting in the outbreak of a Second Tuareg Rebellion in 2007 led by the Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice (MNJ). [38] In April 1995 a peace deal with the main Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. [39] A Muslim, Mansa Musa performed the hajj in 1324–25 and encouraged the spread of Islam in the empire, though it appears that most ordinary citizens continued to maintain their traditional animist beliefs instead of or alongside the new religion. km and 80 percent of Niger is covered by the Sahara. [38] However the economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and IMF-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by many Nigeriens. [19][45] The Hausa kingdoms were not a compact entity but several federations of kingdoms more or less independent of one other. [66] In the 1980s Kountché began cautiously loosening the grip of the military, with some relaxation of state censorship and attempts made to 'civilianise' the regime. [38] In unclear circumstance (possibly attempting to flee the country), Maïnassara was assassinated at Niamey Airport on 9 April 1999. [124] In 1997, the gross primary enrollment rate was 29.3 percent, and in 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 24.5 percent. Travel & Tourism. [23] Several empires and kingdoms flourished in the Sahel during this era. [19][38][60] Though largely successful in subduing the sedentary populations of the south, the French faced considerably more difficulty with the Tuareg in the north (centered on the Sultanate of Aïr in Agadez), and France was unable to occupy Agadez until 1906. [102][103], This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government and international agencies. West African franc (CFA) French, Hausa, Djerma, Fulfulde, Tamashek The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office advise against all travel to much of Niger, and against all but essential travel to the remainder of the country. [124], About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years. In the Sahelian zone of the country, the climate becomes semiarid and the vegetation cover increases. [19], The Military Territory of Niger was subsequently created within the Upper Senegal and Niger colony (modern Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) in December 1904 with its capital at Niamey, then little more than a large village. These subdivisions were administered by officials appointed by the national government. [83] French and American forces are currently assisting Niger in countering these threats. [78][79] The opposition boycotted the referendum and the new constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. By the late 17th century and into the 18th the Bornu kingdom had entered a long period of decline, gradually shrinking back to its Lake Chad heartland, though it remained an important player in the region. The … A notable culture of this late period is the Bura culture (circa 200–1300 AD), named for the Bura archaeological site. [38][64] In the early 1970s, a combination of economic difficulties, devastating droughts and accusations of rampant corruption and mismanagement of food supplies resulted in a coup d'état that overthrew the Diori regime. Islam, widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Niger or the Niger[10][11] (/niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/;[12][13] French: [niʒɛʁ]), officially the Republic of the Niger,[10][11] is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. The Caliphate managed to survive until, fatally weakened by the invasions of Chad-based warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, it finally fell to the British in 1903, with its lands later being partitioned between Britain and France. For its first 14 years as an independent state Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the presidency of Hamani Diori. The reserve lacked proper management to ensure a healthy ecosystem. Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the Tijaniya Sufi brotherhoods, although there are small minority groups tied to Hammallism and Nyassist Sufi orders in the west, and the Sanusiya in the far northeast. The events generated severe political and social unrest throughout the country.[38]. Uranium prices have recovered somewhat in the last few years. The Guérewol festival is a traditional Wodaabe cultural event that takes place in Abalak in Tahoua region or In'Gall in Agadez Region. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) and the National Guard (Garde Nationale). The constitution also provides for the popular election of municipal and local officials, and the first-ever successful municipal elections took place on 24 July 2004. During the Second World War, during which time mainland France was occupied by Nazi Germany, Charles de Gaulle issued the Brazzaville Declaration, declaring that the French colonial empire would be replaced post-war with a less centralised French Union. The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of 200 metres (656 ft). [62] On 11 July 1960, Niger decided to leave the French Community and acquired full independence on 3 August 1960; Diori thus became the first president of the country. [38] However the poor security situation in the region is thought to have allowed elements of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) to gain a foothold in the country. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the southwest.[113]. [38], The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was however ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks. Heavy gunfire was heard in the early hours near the country's presidential palace. The river has presence in 5 west African countries – Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria. The country’s population is concentrated around the Niger River, where the … [19] Some of these finds have been linked with the Aterian and Mousterian tool cultures of the Middle Paleolithic period, which flourished in northern Africa circa 90,000 BC-20,000 BC. U.S. Department of State. The National Assembly passed in June 2002 a series of decentralization bills. The Sahara and Central Sudan. 1312–1337). These include the Hausa-speaking Maouri (or Azna, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in Dogondoutci in the south-southwest and the Kanuri speaking Manga near Zinder, both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa Maguzawa religion. [38][19] On 8 May 1899, in retaliation for the resistance of queen Sarraounia, captain Voulet and his men murdered all the inhabitants of the village of Birni-N'Konni in what is regarded as one of the worst massacres in French colonial history. Our knowledge of early Nigerien history is limited by the lack of written sources, though it is known that by at least the 5th century BC the territory of modern Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. The country's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million[14][15] live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country. NIAMEY, Niger (AP) — Niger has sworn in its new president in the West African nation’s first democratic transfer of power. Thereafter Mali defeated the Sosso at the Battle of Kirina in 1235 and then Ghana in 1240. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral debt relief from the IMF, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$86 million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, "RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004", Niger president rules by decree after court snub, "Military coup ousts Niger president Mamadou Tandja", "Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election", "France ready to strike extremists on Libya border", "Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou set to exit power", "Niger election: Mohamed Bazoum wins landmark vote amid protests", "Niger: Attack on presidential palace an 'attempted coup, "Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Africa – Niger leader dissolves parliament", "West Africa: Ecowas, EU Say Niger Elections Satisfactory", "Niger’s Presidential Election Heads to March Runoff", "Niger Politicians Forge Alliances Before March Election", Niger government adopts $2.53 bln budget for 2013, Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards, "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa", Niger: Population explosion threatens development gains, "Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information", "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2012", "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity", International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation", International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger, "Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger", Dossier 17: The Muslim Religious Right ('Fundamentalists') and Sexuality, "U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says", SEMINAIRE-ATELIER DE FORMATION ET DE SENSIBILISATION "Mission de service public dans les entreprises de presse d’Etat et privée", Media in Niger: the African Development Information Database, Niger : Conseil de presse. where a burial replete with many iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered. After winning the election in November 1999, President Tandja Mamadou was sworn in office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. [19] The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate (see below), but was later captured by the French in 1899. [48] Attacks by the Bulala people in the late 14th century forced Kanem to shift westwards of Lake Chad, where it became known as the Bornu Empire, ruled from its capital Ngazargamu on the modern Niger-Nigeria border. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the Bori religion) are practiced by syncretic Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. The Presidential Guard arrested several people during the incident.[87]. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. Political parties must attain at least 5 percent of the vote in order to gain a seat in the legislature. Niger. [19][38] The following centuries present a somewhat confused picture, though it seems that the sultanate entered a decline marked by internecine wars and clan conflicts. [38] In 1899–1900 France coordinated three expeditions—the Gentil Mission from French Congo, the Foureau-Lamy Mission from Algeria and the Voulet–Chanoine Mission from Timbuktu—with the aim of linking France's African possessions. Food crisis worsening in West Africa after COVID-19... dailysabah.com - French Press Agency - AFP • 23h. Both paramilitary forces are trained in military fashion and have some military responsibilities in wartime. Niger's area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 … [38] A puppet sultan was set up by the French and the decline and marginalisation of the north of the colony continued, exacerbated by a series of droughts. [19] Iron and copper items first appear in this era, with early find including those at Azawagh, Takedda, Marendet and the Termit Massif. [130] Now Niamey contains scores of newspapers and magazines; some, like Le Sahel, are government operated, while many are critical of the government. The Gulf of Guinea, a key production hub surrounded by eight oil exporting countries in West Africa, has emerged as a global hot spot. The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700 gendarmes, 3200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. ), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s. Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa that is named after the Niger River. [110][111] Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the Zarma and Songhai dominated the Niger River valley in the southwest; the northern periphery of Hausaland, made mostly of those states which had resisted the Sokoto Caliphate, and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the Lake Chad basin and Kaouar in the far east, populated by Kanuri farmers and Toubou pastoralists who had once been part of the Kanem-Bornu Empire; and the Tuareg nomads of the Aïr Mountains and Saharan desert in the vast north. As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. Its total area is 1,270,000 sq. [19] Tuareg resistance continued however, culminating in the Kaocen revolt of 1916–17, led by Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen, with backing from the Senussi in Fezzan; the revolt was violently suppressed and Kaocen fled to Fezzan, where he was later killed. [19][46][47] However the empire was unable to withstand repeated attacks from the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591; the empire then collapsed into a number of smaller kingdoms. "Mali Empire: The Rise of the Richest Civilization in West Africa", "How Did the Songhai Empire Dominate West Africa? [127] There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.[128]. Following the adoption of a new constitution in 2010 and presidential elections a year later, Mahamadou Issoufou was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then re-elected in 2016. Religious freedom is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. [57] France then set about making a reality of their rule on the ground. There were several attempted coups (in 1975, 1976 and 1984) which were thwarted, their instigators being severely punished. [18] The most common pronunciation is the French one of /niːˈʒɛər/, though in Anglophone media /ˈnaɪdʒər/ is also occasionally used. These elections were followed by presidential elections, in which Mamadou was re-elected for a second term, thus becoming the first president of the republic to win consecutive elections without being deposed by military coups. [72][73], Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké then took over, establishing a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution with a French-style semi-presidential system. Its largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. This process, known as the 'Scramble for Africa', culminated in the 1885 Berlin conference in which the colonial powers outlined the division of Africa into spheres of influence. [123] Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years. Niger is mostly a vast … [102], A 2005 study stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8% of the population) in Niger are enslaved. The Guérewol festival is an international attraction and was featured in films and magazines as prominent as the National Geographic. French West Africa, French Afrique Occidentale Française (AOF), administrative grouping under French rule from 1895 until 1958 of the former French territories of West Africa: Senegal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and the French Sudan, to which Dahomey was added in 1899. According to the organization Save the Children, Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. Mamadou then modified and adopted a new constitution by referendum, which was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court, prompting Mamadou to dissolve the Court and assume emergency powers. [54] A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was Konni, centred on Birni-N'Konni. [124], The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle, Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights, Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD), African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&oldid=1015966921, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1960, Articles with French-language sources (fr), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 April 2021, at 17:01. Until the 1990s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by Niamey and the Zarma people of the surrounding region. Proponents of the extended presidency, rallied behind the 'Tazartche' (Hausa for 'overstay') movement, were countered by opponents ('anti-Tazartche') composed of opposition party militants and civil society activists. Both Zarma and Hausa areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century Fula led Sufi brotherhoods, most notably the Sokoto Caliphate (in today's Nigeria). Moreover, land potential for agriculture is very unevenly distributed among Niger’s regions, with the southern regions providing nearly 98 percent of the arable land. [57] The three eventually met at Kousséri (in the far north of Cameroon) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the Battle of Kousséri. [39][40][41] From its heartland around the modern Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded considerably under successive kings and came to dominate the Trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of Mansa Musa (r. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. A few samples of pyramid deterioration below. "La Cure salée" (English: Salt Cure) is a yearly festival of Tuareg and Wodaabe nomads in In'Gall in Agadez Region traditionally to celebrate the end of the rainy season. Niger's area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) is water. Octave Meynier eventually took over the mission following a mutiny in which Voulet and Chanoine were killed. Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and Guinea and also within Niger itself are also cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger River—which has a direct effect upon the environment. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Latest Human Development Index (HDI) Ranking (2018)", "Azelik Takedda et le cuivre médiéval dans la région d'Agadez", Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert, "Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles Of A 'Green Sahara, "Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period", "Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change". Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. A presidential election was held on 31 January 2011, but as no clear winner emerged, run-off elections were held on 12 March 2011. After the military coup in 2010, Niger became a democratic, multi-party state. [50] Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gradually gaining more converts over the following centuries. It is a landlocked nation located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth. Future growth may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. [19][38] The borders of Niger were drawn up in various stages and had been fixed at their current position by the late 1930s. 41–60. [86], On 31 March 2021, Niger’s security forces thwarted an attempted coup by a military unit in the capital, Niamey. [38][77] The legislative and executive configuration remained quite similar to that of the first term of the president: Hama Amadou was reappointed as prime minister and Mahamane Ousmane, the head of the CDS party, was re-elected as the president of the National Assembly (parliament) by his peers.
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