[187] On the other hand, Nietzsche called master morality "a higher order of values, the noble ones, those that say Yes to life, those that guarantee the future. His end-of-semester exams in March 1864 showed a 1 in Religion and German; a 2a in Greek and Latin; a 2b in French, History, and Physics; and a "lackluster" 3 in Hebrew and Mathematics. ", Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements, Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homer_and_Classical_Philology, "Shakespeare Contra Nietzsche by Andrew Lanham", "Der Philosoph Philipp Mainländer entdeckt das Nirwanaprinzip: Die Welt als Gottes Selbstmordprojekt", "Féré et Nietzsche : au sujet de la décadence", 'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis, Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche, The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects, "100 years after death, Nietzsche's popularity keeps growing", "Nietzsche's aesthetic critique of Darwin", "Ernst Schmeitzner (1851–1895). [223], Another concept important to understanding Nietzsche is the Übermensch (Overman). In its preface—which suggests Nietzsche was well aware of the interpretive difficulties his work would generate—he declares, "Hear me! According to Deussen, Nietzsche "never decided to remain unmarried all his life. [104], On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. [117] Poisoning by mercury, a treatment for syphilis at the time of Nietzsche's death,[118] has also been suggested. [335]:195, "Nietzsche" redirects here. [249] In 1867 Nietzsche wrote in a letter that he was trying to improve his German style of writing with the help of Lessing, Lichtenberg and Schopenhauer. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation and later admitted that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers whom he respected, dedicating the essay "Schopenhauer as Educator" in the Untimely Meditations to him. Nietzsche approached the problem of nihilism as a deeply personal one, stating that this problem of the modern world had "become conscious" in him. "[242] The pre-Socratic thinker Heraclitus was known for rejecting the concept of being as a constant and eternal principle of the universe and embracing "flux" and incessant change. Amidst renewed bouts of illness, living in near-isolation after a falling out with his mother and sister regarding Salomé, Nietzsche fled to Rapallo, where he wrote the first part of Also Sprach Zarathustra in only ten days. In 1883, he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the University of Leipzig. 1947. In response, Rohde (then a professor in Kiel) and Wagner came to Nietzsche's defense. Modern Europe and Christianity exist in a hypocritical state due to a tension between master and slave morality, both contradictory values determining, to varying degrees, the values of most Europeans (who are "motley"). Nietzsche called for exceptional people not to be ashamed in the face of a supposed morality-for-all, which he deems to be harmful to the flourishing of exceptional people. und Nietzsche Briefwechsel Kritische Gesamtausgabe, Berlin/New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1975ff., herausgegeben von Paolo D’Iorio. Likewise, he rejected the view that the movement of bodies is ruled by inexorable laws of nature, positing instead that movement was governed by the power relations between bodies and forces. [149] There is the claim that Nietzsche's homosexuality was widely known in the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, with Nietzsche's friend Paul Deussen claiming that "he was a man who had never touched a woman. Mit frisch entdeckten Aufzeichnungen von Ida Overbeck neu ediert von, Constable, Marianne. Because his father had worked for the state (as a pastor) the now-fatherless Nietzsche was offered a scholarship to study at the internationally recognized Schulpforta (the claim that Nietzsche was admitted on the strength of his academic competence has been debunked: his grades were not near the top of the class). Who onesel… 4 Antworten: Caspar David Friedrich: Letzter Beitrag: 08 Jun. [337] His deepening of the romantic-heroic tradition of the nineteenth century, for example, as expressed in the ideal of the "grand striver" appears in the work of thinkers from Cornelius Castoriadis to Roberto Mangabeira Unger. I am proud to present this collection gathered from various sources. Schopenhauer's doctrine—which Nietzsche also referred to as Western Buddhism—advocates separating oneself from will and desires to reduce suffering. In 1886, Nietzsche broke with his publisher Ernst Schmeitzner, disgusted by his antisemitic opinions. "[189] Nietzsche waged a philosophic war against the slave morality of Christianity in his "revaluation of all values" to bring about the victory of a new master morality that he called the "philosophy of the future" (Beyond Good and Evil is subtitled Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future).[190]. [59] In addition, Ludwig Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity influenced young Nietzsche with its argument that people created God, and not the other way around. To the end of his life, Gast and Overbeck remained consistently faithful friends. [247] The organicism of Paul Bourget influenced Nietzsche,[248] as did that of Rudolf Virchow and Alfred Espinas. [230], From Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Prologue, §§ 3–4):[231]. General commentators and Nietzsche scholars, whether emphasizing his cultural background or his language, overwhelmingly label Nietzsche as a "German philosopher. [200] He wrote that Jews should be thanked for helping uphold a respect for the philosophies of ancient Greece,[200] and for giving rise to "the noblest human being (Christ), the purest philosopher (Baruch Spinoza), the mightiest book, and the most effective moral code in the world. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. [108], In 1893, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from Nueva Germania in Paraguay following the suicide of her husband. "Nietzsche and the Philology of the Future" (Stanford University Press, 2000). Malwida von Meysenbug remained like a motherly patron even outside the Wagner circle. However, before fulfilling this promise, he slipped too far into illness. The following day, Overbeck received a similar letter and decided that Nietzsche's friends had to bring him back to Basel. She studied Nietzsche's works and, piece by piece, took control of their publication. Brandes, who had started to teach the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard in the 1870s, wrote to Nietzsche asking him to read Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would come to Copenhagen and read Kierkegaard with him. [244], In his Egotism in German Philosophy, Santayana claimed that Nietzsche's whole philosophy was a reaction to Schopenhauer. His friend and secretary Gast gave his funeral oration, proclaiming: "Holy be your name to all future generations! At first, he was a professor at the University of Basel. The 1868 riding accident and diseases in 1870 may have aggravated these persistent conditions, which continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became impractical. Nietzsche had a brilliant school and university career,culminating in May 1869 when he was called to a chair in classicalphilology at Basel. [136] Nietzsche wrote in 1888, "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Nietzky); the type seems to have been well preserved despite three generations of German mothers. Nietzsche led "Germania", a music and literature club, during his summers in Naumburg. I teach you the overman. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "Kolleg friedrich nietzsche" – Englisch-Deutsch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Englisch-Übersetzungen. Nietzsche's father died from a brain ailment in 1849; Ludwig Joseph died six months later at age two. I have had Caiaphas put in fetters. "[78] Nietzsche enjoyed the attention he gave to the beginning of the Bayreuth Festival. Nietzsche".[91]. "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891–1895.". However, in March 1868, while jumping into the saddle of his horse, Nietzsche struck his chest against the pommel and tore two muscles in his left side, leaving him exhausted and unable to walk for months. [163] Both of these principles are meant to represent cognitive states that appear through art as the power of nature in man.[164]. 19; III. Some[233] have suggested that the eternal return is related to the overman, since willing the eternal return of the same is a necessary step if the overman is to create new values untainted by the spirit of gravity or asceticism. After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900, he had another stroke during the night of 24–25 August and died at about noon on 25 August. Nietzsche's thought is the negation of the idea of a history of salvation. [61] In June 1865, at the age of 20, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elisabeth, who was deeply religious, a letter regarding his loss of faith. "[304] Israel Eldad, the ideological chief of the Stern Gang that fought the British in Palestine in the 1940s, wrote about Nietzsche in his underground newspaper and later translated most of Nietzsche's books into Hebrew. [170] Carl Jung has written extensively on the dichotomy in Psychological Types. [120] Elisabeth had him buried beside his father at the church in Röcken Lützen. [333] In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, a biography transcribed by his secretary, he cites Nietzsche as a large influence. However, his colleagues within his field, including Ritschl, expressed little enthusiasm for the work in which Nietzsche eschewed the classical philologic method in favor of a more speculative approach. Nietzsche characterized this ascetic attitude as a "will to nothingness". [67], With Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received a remarkable offer, in 1869, to become a professor of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. After graduation in September 1864,[58] Nietzsche began studying theology and classical philology at the University of Bonn in the hope of becoming a minister. Nietzsche is associated with anarchism, but his writing seems to have a negative opinion of anarchists. Some maintain that Nietzsche contracted it in a male brothel in Genoa. [155], Nietzsche composed several works for voice, piano, and violin beginning in 1858 at the Schulpforta in Naumburg when he started to work on musical compositions. [34][35][36][37][38] He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. [2] Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life; he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. Let you will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth ... Man is a rope, tied between beast and overman—a rope over an abyss ... what is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end. [158] His writings have also been described as a revolutionary project in which his philosophy serves as the foundation of a European cultural rebirth.[159][160]. Bobrowicz, Lipsk 1839–1845: herb Radwan (t. 8 s. 27–29)", "Nietzsche and Lou Andreas-Salomé: Chronicle of a Relationship 1882", "Historicizing Nietzsche? However, in 1888 the influential Danish critic Georg Brandes aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the University of Copenhagen. ), The Lonely Nietzsche. Nietzsche and Salomé spent the summer together in Tautenburg in Thuringia, often with Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth as a chaperone. On 3 January 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental breakdown. 115 letters 1874–1886 | Correspondences", "The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania", "Nietzsches Briefe. He later wrote several books of philosophy. Pity stands opposed to the tonic emotions which heighten our vitality: it has a depressing effect. Although Nietzsche has famously been misrepresented as a predecessor to Nazism, he criticized anti-Semitism, pan-Germanism and, to a lesser extent, nationalism. On the basis of it, many commentators[202] regard Nietzsche as an atheist; others (such as Kaufmann) suggest that this statement reflects a more subtle understanding of divinity. In 1885, he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of Zarathustra and distributed a fraction of them among close friends, including Helene von Druskowitz. He invented the idea of the "will to power". In March 1890, Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic and, in May 1890, brought him to her home in Naumburg. Hecker, Hellmuth. Here Foucault referenced Nietzsche's description of the birth and death of tragedy and his explanation that the subsequent tragedy of the Western world was the refusal of the tragic and, with that, refusal of the sacred. [1987] 1988. "[142] Colli and Montinari, the editors of Nietzsche's assembled letters, gloss Nietzsche's claims as a "mistaken belief" and "without foundation. At a literary salon in the city, Salomé became acquainted with Paul Rée. [282] Author Jack London wrote that he was more stimulated by Nietzsche than by any other writer. "Irgendwie, jedenfalls physiologisch. 13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1887 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1888b (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1961 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 –1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher, poet, composer and classical philologist. This moving away of all value in the world is characteristic of the nihilist, although, in this, the nihilist appears to be inconsistent; this "will to nothingness" is still a (disavowed) form of willing.[204]. Pity makes suffering contagious.[195]. ... All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want to be the ebb of this great flood, and even go back to the beasts rather than overcome man? "[147] The acquisition of the infection from a homosexual brothel was confirmed by Sigmund Freud, who cited Otto Binswanger as his source. [168] He notes that without the Apollonian, the Dionysian lacks the form and structure to make a coherent piece of art, and without the Dionysian, the Apollonian lacks the necessary vitality and passion. I believe it is one of the greatest crises, a moment of the deepest self-reflection of humanity. His works remain controversial, due to varying interpretations and misinterpretations. His writings have also been described as a revolutionary project in which his philosophy serves as the found… Many political leaders of the twentieth century were at least superficially familiar with Nietzsche's ideas, although it is not always possible to determine whether they actually read his work. [52] He studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with Paul Deussen and Carl von Gersdorff. [64], In 1867, Nietzsche signed up for one year of voluntary service with the Prussian artillery division in Naumburg. Pronunciation of Friedrich nietzsche with 8 audio pronunciations, 1 meaning, 8 translations, 2 sentences and more for Friedrich nietzsche. [March 1887] 1921. [299] Nietzsche had a distinct appeal for many Zionist thinkers around the start of the 20th century, most notable being Ahad Ha'am,[300] Hillel Zeitlin,[301] Micha Josef Berdyczewski, A.D. Gordon[302] and Martin Buber, who went so far as to extoll Nietzsche as a "creator" and "emissary of life". It could seem that the overman, in being devoted to any values at all, would necessarily fail to create values that did not share some bit of asceticism. Emilio Carlo Corriero, "Nietzsche's Death of God and Italian Philosophy". [224][225][226][227] Writing about nihilism in Also Sprach Zarathustra, Nietzsche introduced a value-creating Übermensch, not as a project, but as an anti-project, the absence of any project. [254] Notably, he also read some of the posthumous works of Charles Baudelaire,[255] Tolstoy's My Religion, Ernest Renan's Life of Jesus, and Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Demons. Alexander Nehamas writes in Nietzsche: Life as Literature of three ways of seeing the eternal recurrence: Nehamas concluded that, if individuals constitute themselves through their actions, they can only maintain themselves in their current state by living in a recurrence of past actions (Nehamas, 153). Because his sister arranged the book based on her own conflation of several of Nietzsche's early outlines and took liberties with the material, the scholarly consensus has been that it does not reflect Nietzsche's intent. He spent many summers in Sils Maria near St. Moritz in Switzerland. [283] Critics have suggested that the character of David Grief in A Son of the Sun was based on Nietzsche. Through her published editions, Nietzsche's work became associated with fascism and Nazism;[46] 20th-century scholars contested this interpretation, and corrected editions of his writings were soon made available. In a 29 March 1887 letter to Theodor Fritsch, Nietzsche mocked anti-Semites, Fritsch, Eugen Dühring, Wagner, Ebrard, Wahrmund, and the leading advocate of pan-Germanism, Paul de Lagarde, who would become, along with Wagner and Houston Chamberlain, the main official influences of Nazism. Friedrich Nietzsche : German - English translations and synonyms (BEOLINGUS Online dictionary, TU Chemnitz) Friedrich Nietzsche : Deutsch - Englisch Übersetzungen und Synonyme (BEOLINGUS Online … He pointed out that what is common among different peoples is the act of esteeming, of creating values, even if the values are different from one person to the next. He lived his remaining years in the care of his mother until her death in 1897 and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche. Not being English himself, he had to rely upon the help of collaborators, who were somewhat slow in coming forward. Jensen, Anthony K., and Helmut Heit, eds. Так говорил Заратустра (с репродукциями картин Л. Хейдиз из цикла "Так говорил Заратустра" )", "Postomodern considerations of Nietzschean perspectivism", "Jung's Reception of Friedrich Nietzsche: A Roadmap for the Uninitiated by Dr. Ritske Rensma", Public Opinions, Private Laziness: The Epistemological Break in Nietzsche, https://web.archive.org/web/20140924114053/http://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/eHumanista%20IVITRA/Volume%205/Volum%20Regular/7_Perez.pdf, "In defence of slavery: Nietzsche's Dangerous Thinking", Entry on Nietzsche at the Encyclopædia Britannica, Publications by and about Friedrich Nietzsche, "Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy", Nietzsche Source: Digital version of the German critical edition of the complete works and Digital facsimile edition of the entire Nietzsche estate, Lexido: Searchable Database index of Public Domain editions of all Nietzsche's major works, International Music Score Library Project, Prof. Nietzsche and the Crisis in Philosophy, Biographical Archive of Psychiatry (BIAPSY), Newspaper clippings about Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche and the Postmodern Condition (1991), Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Nietzsche&oldid=1016063290, German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with incomplete citations from November 2012, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "My life will recur in exactly identical fashion:" this expresses a totally, "My life may recur in exactly identical fashion:" This second view conditionally asserts. [106] In January 1889, they proceeded with the planned release of Twilight of the Idols, by that time already printed and bound. "[188] Just as "there is an order of rank between man and man", there is also an order of rank "between morality and morality. An example of the impact of this idea can be seen in the book Patterns of Culture, where anthropologist Ruth Benedict acknowledges Nietzschean opposites of "Apollonian" and "Dionysian" as the stimulus for her thoughts about Native American cultures. In Ecce Homo Nietzsche called the establishment of moral systems based on a dichotomy of good and evil a "calamitous error",[196] and wished to initiate a re-evaluation of the values of the Christian world. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMagnus1999 (, Nietzsche, Friedrich. Also sprach Zarathustra/Thus Spoke Zarathustra: German/English Bilingual Text | Richardson, Tony J, Nietzsche, Friedrich | ISBN: 9781909669796 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. It is a consequence of overcoming hurdles to one's actions and the fulfillment of the will. Nietzsche considered the world to be one connected thing, including mankind and nature. Their father was a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. "Unger, Castoriadis, and the Romance of a National Future. May, J. Rosenberg, Rorty, Richard. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in Röcken bei Lützen, a small village in Prussia (part of present-day Germany). [205] Furthermore, he emphasized the danger of nihilism and the possibilities it offers, as seen in his statement that "I praise, I do not reproach, [nihilism's] arrival. What have you done to overcome him? And but no governance! In, Ewald, O. [59] As early as his 1862 essay "Fate and History", Nietzsche had argued that historical research had discredited the central teachings of Christianity,[60] but David Strauss's Life of Jesus also seems to have had a profound effect on the young man. ", Forth, C. E. 1993. Nietzsche remarked freely about the isolation he felt within the philological community and attempted unsuccessfully to transfer to a position in philosophy at Basel. Between 1873 and 1876, he published four separate long essays: "David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer", "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life", "Schopenhauer as Educator", and "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth". "[139] Nietzsche believed his name might have been Germanized, in one letter claiming, "I was taught to ascribe the origin of my blood and name to Polish noblemen who were called Niëtzky and left their home and nobleness about a hundred years ago, finally yielding to unbearable suppression: they were Protestants. 8). Human translations with examples: (david hume), aurora, nietzsche, friedrich nietzsche.